Biomarkers for ankylosing spondylitis

ABSTRACT

There is described herein methods and peptides for detecting autoantibodies to NOG and/or SOST in a patient sample in order to diagnose of prognosticate Ankylosing Spondylitis in the patient.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/CA2012/000667 filed Jul. 12, 2012, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/509,186 filed Jul. 19, 2011. The entire contents of each of the above-referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated herein by reference without disclaimer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to Ankylosing Spondylitis and more particularly to biomarkers therefor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with a prevalence of 0.15-1.8%¹, is an under-recognized chronic disease which affects predominantly young men. A recent estimate of the US population concluded that there are approximately 2 million people with axial Spondylarthritis (SpA)². The diagnosis of AS is made from a combination of clinical features¹, and the presence of radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis which may be detected only after many years of inflammatory back pain. It is not uncommon for a delay of 5-10 years after the initial onset of symptoms before the diagnosis is made^(3,4). The availability of biomarkers would not only facilitate rapid diagnosis, but would also provide better assessment, prognosis and management of the disease.

The hallmark of AS is neo-ossification at the site of joint inflammation. Biologics involving TNF-α blockage are very effective for controlling joint inflammation. However, they have no major impact on structural damage and ankylosis progression in AS⁵. Novel agents targeting ankylosis are required to fundamentally alter the natural history of this debilitating disease.

Results from genetic studies, animal models and therapy involving TNF blockers suggest that the gut-joint axis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SpA⁶. For decades, a relationship between reactive arthritis (ReA) and certain enterobacteria (e.g. Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and Klebsiella) has been noted⁷. Some ReA patients eventually develop AS. The evidence for the association between AS and bacterial infections is controversial^(8,9).

There is an ongoing debate regarding whether inflammation and ankylosis in AS are linked events or independent processes^(10,11). Research on AS in humans subjects is limited by restricted access to target tissues, but animal studies can shed light on mechanisms involved in the joint ankylosing process. ank/ank (progressive ankylosis) mice represent an informative model for the study of joint ankylosis in AS due to similarities in the pattern of ankylosis (peripheral and axial) and aberrant Wnt-β-catenin signaling^(12,13). AS has long been viewed as a seronegative disease, notable for the absence of autoantibodies (autoabs). More recently, a reported protein microarray screening of patient plasma revealed multiple AS-specific IgG-autoabs directed against skeletal/connective tissue antigens¹⁴.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an aspect, there is provided a method for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis comprising providing a sample from the subject; detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of (Noggin) NOG and (Sclerostin) SOST in the sample; comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is indicative of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the subject.

In an aspect, there is provided a method for prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising: providing a sample from the subject; detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample; comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is at least one of (i) indicative of the likelihood of the subject to have progression in ankylosis and (ii) a predictor of severity of disease.

In an aspect, there is provided an isolated peptide comprising conserved residues, the conserved residues being one of: residues 5-18 of N54 (SEQ ID NO. 1) or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; residues 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 of CN54 (SEQ ID NO. 2), preferably residues 3-16, or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; residues 6-13 of N77 (SEQ ID NO. 3 or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof); residues 7-14 CN76 (SEQ ID NO. 4) or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; and residues 3-7 and 9-12 of S146 (SEQ ID NO. 5), preferably residues 3-12, or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

In an aspect, there is provided an assay for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis comprising:

-   -   a. providing a sample from the subject;     -   b. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG         and SOST in the sample;     -   c. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a         level of autoantibodies in a control sample;     -   wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the         subject sample compared to the control sample is indicative of         Ankylosing Spondylitis in the subject.

In an aspect, there is provided an assay for prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising:

-   -   a. providing a sample from the subject;     -   b. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG         and SOST in the sample;     -   c. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a         level of autoantibodies in a control sample;     -   wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the         subject sample compared to the control sample is at least one         of (i) indicative of the likelihood of the subject to have         progression in ankylosis and (ii) a predictor of severity of         disease.

In an aspect, there is provided a kit for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis or prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising at least one peptide capable of binding to autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

These and other features of the preferred embodiments of the invention will become more apparent in the following detailed description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows NOG-IgG complexes are present in NOG-ank & VECTOR-ank sera. IgGs & NOG-IgG complexes (ICs) were depleted from mouse sera using protein G beads and eluates from protein G beads run on SDS-PAGE. Western blot was probed with anti-mouse NOG. Probed with HRP-protein G and developed using Supersignal West Femto substrate.

FIG. 2 shows presence of IgGs in paw lysates of NOG-ank mice. Blot was probed with HRP-anti-mouse antibody (no incubation with any primary antibody).

FIG. 3 shows NOG-IgG immune complexes (ICs) are present at higher levels in AS patient sera. IgGs & NOG-IgG ICs were depleted from human sera using protein G beads. Eluates from protein G beads were run on SDS-PAGE. Western blot was probed with anti-human NOG. Probed with HRP-protein G and developed using Supersignal West Femto substrate.

FIG. 4 shows higher levels of NOG-IgG ICs are present in sera from AS patients.

FIG. 5 a shows NOG-IgG immune complexes (ICs) detected in serum from AS patient (lane 2). IgGs & NOG-IgG ICs were depleted by protein G beads. Denatured eluates were run on SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon-P. Western blot was probed with anti-NOG.

FIG. 5 b shows free antigens (NOG) detected in IgG-depleted sera. Sera recovered after protein G and protein A beads depletions. Supernatants were denatured, run on SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon-P. Western blot was probed with anti-NOG.

FIG. 6 shows patient IgGs eluted from protein-G columns contain complexes with NOG and/or SOST.

FIG. 7 a shows Western blot of IPs (rHis-NOG) probed with HRP-Nickel.

FIG. 7 b shows Western blot of separated antigens from IgG ICs probed with anti-NOG (top panel).

FIG. 8 shows likely initiating epitopes on NOG.

FIGS. 9 a and 9 b are ELISAs showing binding of antigen-free IgGs to four peptides.

FIG. 10 shows homology of NOG and SOST peptides with bacterial proteins.

FIG. 11 shows is an ELISA showing binding of antigen-free IgGs to SOST peptide.

FIG. 12 shows binding of AS IgGs to NOG peptide (N54)/SOST peptide (S146) is inhibitable by rHis-NOG or rHis-SOST proteins.

FIGS. 13 a and 13 b are ELISAs showing binding of antigen-free IgGs to four peptides.

FIG. 14 is an ELISA showing binding of antigen-free IgGs to SOST peptide.

FIG. 15 shows NOG/SOST-IgG complexes are present in NOG-ank & VECTOR-ank sera. IgGs & NOG/SOST-IgG complexes (ICs) were depleted from mouse sera using protein G beads. Eluates from protein G beads were divided into 2 aliquots and run on SDS-PAGE. One Western blot was probed with anti-mouse NOG and the other probed with anti-mouse SOST. Both blots were probed with HRP-protein G and developed using Supersignal West Femto substrate.

FIG. 16 shows NOG/SOST-IgG immune complexes (ICs) are present at higher levels in AS patient sera. IgGs & NOG/SOST-IgG complexes (ICs) were depleted from human sera using protein G beads. Eluates from protein G beads were divided into 2 aliquots and run on SDS-PAGE. One Western blot was probed with anti-human NOG and the other probed with anti-human SOST. Both blots were probed with HRP-protein G and developed using Supersignal West Femto substrate.

FIG. 17 shows higher levels of NOG/SOST-IgG ICs are present in sera from AS patients.

FIG. 18 a shows NOG/SOST-IgG immune complexes (ICs) are present in sera from AS patients. IgGs & NOG/SOST-IgG ICs were depleted by protein G beads. Denatured eluates were divided into 2 aliquots, run on SDS-PAGE, and transferred to Immobilon-P. Western blots were probed with anti-NOG or anti-SOST.

FIG. 18 b shows Free antigens (NOG/SOST) are detected in Igs-depleted sera. Sera supernatants, after protein G and protein A beads depletions, were denatured, divided into 2 aliquots, run on SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon-P. Western blots were probed with anti-NOG or anti-SOST.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it is understood that the invention may be practiced without these specific details.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has long been viewed as a seronegative disease; however, circumstantial evidence has implicated it as an autoimmune disease. We explored the generation and the pathophysiological role of autoantibodies (autoabs) and immune complexes (ICs) in ankylosis in AS patients.

IgG-ICs from human sera were detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses. Protein databases were searched for amino acid homologies between autoantigens (noggin [NOG] or sclerostin [SOST]) and/or their complementary-peptide (c-peptides) sequences in comparison with enterobacterial proteins. Potential initiating epitopes were identified using peptide-binding ELISAs.

Natural IgG autoabs to NOG and SOST are present in AS sera at higher levels than healthy controls. These autoabs exist mainly as ICs and their presence is masked in serum due to excess free antigens. Based on their structural/sequence homologies to arthritogenic enterobacterial proteins, critical epitopes on NOG and SOST were identified. Binding of AS IgGs to these epitopes was significantly higher than those from normal controls or individuals with mechanical back pain.

Arthritigenic enterobacterial antigens are candidate triggers of autoimmune responses to antagonists of signaling pathways involved in ossification, which could contribute to the progressive ankylosis in AS patients. Our results have two important implications which may aid the diagnosis and management of AS: 1. From a clinical perspective, peptide-binding ELISAs can be used to differentiate patients with inflammatory versus mechanical back pain and to define AS subsets; 2. From a conceptual perspective, autoimmunity to NOG/SOST may represent the missing link between inflammation and ankylosis in AS.

In an aspect, there is provided a method for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis comprising providing a sample from the subject; detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample; comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is indicative of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the subject.

In an aspect, there is provided a method for prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising: providing a sample from the subject; detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample; comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is at least one of (i) indicative of the likelihood of the subject to have progression in ankylosis and (ii) a predictor of severity of disease.

In some embodiments, the level of autoantibodies in the sample compared to the control sample is 2-10× higher.

In some embodiments, the samples are one of serum, plasma and synovial fluid samples.

In some embodiments, the autoantibodies are pre-complexed with antigen. Preferably, the autoantibody is in a NOG-IgG immune complex, SOST-IgG immune complex or NOG/SOST-IgG immune complex.

In some embodiments, the level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample is detected using at least one peptide capable of selectively binding to autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST and described herein.

In an aspect, there is provided an isolated peptide comprising conserved residues, the conserved residues being one of: residues 5-18 of N54 (SEQ ID NO. 1) or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; residues 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 of CN54 (SEQ ID NO. 2), preferably residues 3-16, or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; residues 6-13 of N77 (SEQ ID NO. 3 or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof); residues 7-14 CN76 (SEQ ID NO. 4) or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof; and residues 3-7 and 9-12 of S146 (SEQ ID NO. 5), preferably residues 3-12, or conservative amino acid substitutions thereof.

Preferably, the conserved residues are one of: residues 5-18 of N54 (SEQ ID NO. 1); residues 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 of CN54 (SEQ ID NO. 2), preferably residues 3-16; residues 6-13 of N77 (SEQ ID NO. 3); residues 7-14 CN76 (SEQ ID NO. 4); and residues 3-7 and 9-12 of S146 (SEQ ID NO. 5), preferably residues 3-12.

In some embodiments, the peptide is 6-30 amino acids in length.

In some embodiments, the peptide is one of N54, CN54, N77, CN77 and S146.

In an aspect, there is provided an assay for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis comprising:

-   -   d. providing a sample from the subject;     -   e. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG         and SOST in the sample;     -   f. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a         level of autoantibodies in a control sample;     -   wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the         subject sample compared to the control sample is indicative of         Ankylosing Spondylitis in the subject.

In an aspect, there is provided an assay for prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising:

-   -   d. providing a sample from the subject;     -   e. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG         and SOST in the sample;     -   f. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a         level of autoantibodies in a control sample;     -   wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the         subject sample compared to the control sample is at least one         of (i) indicative of the likelihood of the subject to have         progression in ankylosis and (ii) a predictor of severity of         disease.

In an aspect, there is provided a kit for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis or prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising at least one peptide capable of binding to autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST.

In some embodiments, the peptide is a peptide described herein.

In some embodiments, the kit further comprises instructions for use corresponding to a methods described herein.

In some embodiments, the kit further comprises reagents for detecting autoantibodies of at least one of NOG and SOST bound to the peptide.

As used herein, “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably and mean proteins, protein fragments, modified proteins, amino acid sequences and synthetic amino acid sequences. The polypeptide can be glycosylated or not. “Peptides” as used herein refer to short polypeptides, preferably being 6-30 amino acids in length.

As used herein “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to grouping of amino acids on the basis of certain common properties. A functional way to define common properties between individual amino acids is to analyze the normalized frequencies of amino acid changes between corresponding proteins of homologous organisms (Schulz, G. E. and R. H. Schirmer., Principles of Protein Structure, Springer-Verlag). According to such analyses, groups of amino acids may be defined where amino acids within a group exchange preferentially with each other, and therefore resemble each other most in their impact on the overall protein structure (Schulz, G. E. and R. H. Schirmer., Principles of Protein Structure, Springer-Verlag). Examples of amino acid groups defined in this manner include:

-   -   (i) a charged group, consisting of Glu and Asp, Lys, Arg and         His,     -   (ii) a positively-charged group, consisting of Lys, Arg and His,     -   (iii) a negatively-charged group, consisting of Glu and Asp,     -   (iv) an aromatic group, consisting of Phe, Tyr and Trp,     -   (v) a nitrogen ring group, consisting of His and Trp,     -   (vi) a large aliphatic nonpolar group, consisting of Val, Leu         and Ile,     -   (vii) a slightly-polar group, consisting of Met and Cys,     -   (viii) a small-residue group, consisting of Ser, Thr, Asp, Asn,         Gly, Ala, Glu, Gln and Pro,     -   (ix) an aliphatic group consisting of Val, Leu, Ile, Met and         Cys, and     -   (x) a small hydroxyl group consisting of Ser and Thr.

In addition to the groups presented above, each amino acid residue may form its own group, and the group formed by an individual amino acid may be referred to simply by the one and/or three letter abbreviation for that amino acid commonly used in the art.

As used herein “fragment” relating to a polypeptide or polynucleotide means a polypeptide or polynucleotide consisting of only a part of the intact polypeptide sequence and structure, or the nucleotide sequence and structure, of the reference gene. The polypeptide fragment can include a C-terminal deletion and/or N-terminal deletion of the native polypeptide, or can be derived from an internal portion of the molecule. Similarly, a polynucleotide fragment can include a 3′ and/or a 5′ deletion of the native polynucleotide, or can be derived from an internal portion of the molecule.

The term “level” as used herein refers to a measurable level of a biomarker, for example, the level of proteins or portions thereof corresponding to the biomarker. In preferable embodiments, the level of autoantibodies is measured, for example, autoantibodies to NOG and SOST. A person skilled in the art would understand that levels of other products could also be measured, for example, the level of messenger RNA transcript expressed or of a specific exon or other portion of a transcript, the number or presence of DNA polymorphisms of the biomarkers, the enzymatic or other activities of the biomarkers, and the level of specific metabolites.

In addition, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that a number of methods can be used to determine the amount of a protein product of the biomarker of the invention, including immunoassays such as Western blots, ELISA, and immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemistry.

As used herein, the term “control” refers to a specific value or dataset that can be used to prognose or classify the value e.g. level of autoantibodies obtained from the test sample associated with an outcome class. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the comparison between the level of the biomarkers in the test sample and the level of the biomarkers in the control will depend on the control used.

The term “sample” as used herein refers to any fluid, cell or tissue sample from a subject that can be assayed for biomarker expression products and/or a reference expression profile, e.g. genes differentially expressed in subjects.

Advantages of the present invention are further illustrated by the following examples. The examples and their particular details set forth herein are presented for illustration only and should not be construed as a limitation on the claims of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Methods and Materials

ank/ank Mice and Injection of noggin (nog)

ank/ank mice were generated by crossbreeding heterozygous mice. Systemic gene transfer of a noggin expression construct (provided by Dr. F. Luyten¹⁵) was carried out in 5-wks old ank/ank mice. The mutant mice (at least 4 pairs from the same litter) were injected intramuscularly with 200 μg of either NOG cDNA (NOG-ank) or empty vector DNA (VEC-ank). Injections were repeated every 3 wks for 3-4 cycles. Sera were taken from the injected mice at the end of the experiment. All animal procedures were approved by the University Health Network Animal Experimentation Committee.

Study Subjects

The study cohort was recruited from the Toronto Western Spondylitis Clinic. All subjects provided written informed consent for use of their serum samples. The study was approved by the University Health Network Research Ethics Board.

Purification of IgGs from Sera

As the respective free autoantigens (NOG and sclerostin [SOST]) are detected in human sera, it is imperative to isolate IgG autoabs free of the bound antigens before further characterization. To ensure that there are no ICs in the IgG preparations, ultrafiltration (Ultracel 100K) of acid eluted IgGs (from protein-G agarose) were used to generate autoantigen-free IgGs.

Western Blot Analyses

Human serum samples (2 μl each) were incubated with 20 μl of protein G agarose (50%) for 1 hr with shaking at room temperature. After washings, eluates from the protein G beads were divided into 2 aliquots, denatured, separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to Immobilon-P membrane. One blot was probed with rabbit anti-human NOG antibody (Sigma) and the other probed with a mouse monoclonal antibody to human SOST (R & D). After washings, both blots were probed with HRP-protein G, developed using Supersignal West Femto substrate (Pierce) and imaged. Visualized band volume signals were quantified by imaging. We used a standard normal serum for each Western blot and the relative amounts of NOG/SOST IgG-ICs were estimated as fold-change higher or lower than the normal standard. A standard AS patient serum was also included in each Western blot as a positive control.

Peptide Binding ELISAs

Peptides were generated with a terminal cysteine residue to enable covalent coupling to maleimide activated plates (Pierce). Excess maleimide groups were inactivated by cysteine-HCl. Antigen-free protein G-purified IgG (1 μg/ml or less for higher titers) were incubated with the peptide-coated plates for 1 hr. After washings, the plates were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-human IgG secondary antibody (Jackson), followed by HRP chromogenic substrates (Pierce) and read on an ELISA plate reader at 450 nm. For normalization of results from different plates, a standard curve using serial dilutions of a standard AS patient IgG was included in each 96-well plate. Results were expressed as arbitrary units relative to the standard AS IgG present in the total amount of IgGs from 1 ml of each serum sample.

Results and Discussion

Sera of NOG-ank Mice had Higher Levels of NOG-IgG ICs

While assessing whether injection of NOG-cDNA resulted in higher levels of NOG in the ank/ank mice, we encountered an unanticipated result: NOG-ank mice had high serum levels of NOG-IgG ICs (FIG. 1), and a large amount of IgGs were found in paw lysates of NOG-ank mice (FIG. 2). In VEC-ank or untreated ank/ank mice, significantly lower levels of NOG-IgG ICs were detected. However, no IgGs were found in paw lysates of ank/ank mice suggesting that in addition to quantitative differences, there are likely qualitative differences in the NOG-IgG ICs from NOG-ank versus ank/ank sera.

Identification of a Novel Natural Autoab to a BMP Antagonist (NOG) in Humans

In view of the novel finding of NOG-IgG ICs in ank/ank mice, we asked whether these IgG-ICs are present in human sera. Indeed, NOG-IgG ICs are present in normal human sera (n=62), but higher levels (up to 10-fold higher, i.e. between 2-10×) were detected in sera from AS patients (n=160; p<0.001; FIG. 3 and FIG. 4). AS has long been viewed as a seronegative disease by virtue of the absence of autoabs. NOG autoabs were not detected previously likely because both the antigen (NOG) and the antibodies exist as ICs in the sera and that the antigen is in excess; i.e. free NOG can be detected in Ig depleted sera (FIG. 5). A majority of NOG-IgG ICs were either not dissociated after acid elution from protein-G beads or they re-complexed when the eluted IgGs were neutralized (FIG. 6). To confirm the presence of NOG IgG ICs in human sera, we purified IgGs from patient sera using protein-G beads and acid elution. To remove bound NOG from the ICs, purified IgGs were subjected to ultrafiltration under acidic conditions (pH 2.7), using Amicon ultra filters (Ultracel 100K). The antigen-free ICs can bind to recombinant NOG protein with a His-tag (rHis-NOG; FIG. 7 a) and were detected by probing with HRP-nickel. Free endogenous NOG released from the IgG-ICs can be detected by Western blots using an anti-NOG antibody (FIG. 7 b).

Enterobacterial Antigens Likely Trigger the Autoimmune Response to NOG in AS Patients

To assess whether molecular mimicry and/or autoantigen complementarity underlie the generation of NOG autoabs, we examined the NCBI databases for significant homologies. We found peptides complementary (c-peptides) to NOG bearing significant homologies to bacterial proteins (FIG. 8), and thus would have significant structural similarities. Based on the c-peptide homologies and antigenicity, we designed 2 pairs of peptides (NOG peptide N54 and its c-peptide CN54; NOG peptide N77 and its c-peptide CN77). NOG c-peptide CN54 has homology with a regulatory protein of Salmonella enterica, while NOG c-peptide CN77 shared an eight amino acid homology (RGGLVPG) with guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase which is highly conserved in bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Klebsiella and E. coli. Compared to normal individuals (n=35), AS patients (n=48) had significantly higher levels of IgGs which bind to NOG peptide N54 (FIG. 9 a; p=0.003), though there were no significant difference in the levels of IgGs which bind to NOG c-peptide CN54. For the NOG c-peptide CN77 and NOG peptide N77, AS patients have higher levels of IgGs binding of both peptides compared to those of the normal controls (FIG. 9 b).

Sera from AS Patients have Higher Levels of Anti-SOST Autoantibodies Implicated by Molecular Mimicry

It has been reported that NOG and SOST can form a mutually inhibitory complex¹⁶. We asked whether NOG autoantibodies recognize NOG-SOST complexes. Western blot analysis of protein G purified ank/ank IgGs, showed that presence of SOST and NOG-ank mice had higher levels of SOST complexed with IgGs (FIG. 15). Similarly, SOST proteins can be detected in protein G purified human IgGs and higher levels were detected in AS IgGs (FIG. 16). Next, we asked whether autoantibodies to SOST exist in human sera. Recombinant SOST proteins with a His-tag can be immunoprecipitated by human IgGs (FIG. 17) and higher levels of SOST IgG ICs were detected in AS sera than controls. Similar to human NOG-IgG ICs, we can recover free endogenous SOST proteins released from the IgG ICs via ultrafiltration under acidic conditions (FIG. 18).

The NOG peptide N54 contains N-glycosylation signals (N62 and T64). Protein database searches revealed a bacterial glycosyl transferase (Hiliscomenobacter hydrossis) bearing sequence homology with a Sclerostin (SOST) peptide (SOST S146; FIG. 10) located at the carboxyl-terminal end (after loop 3 of the SOST molecule). We asked whether this region represents one of the SOST epitopes and is recognized by human SOST autoabs. Results from peptide-binding ELISAs showed that AS patients have higher levels of IgGs recognizing this SOST peptide (S146) compared to normal controls (FIG. 11; p<0.001). Binding of AS IgGs to NOG peptide (N54) or SOST peptide (S146) was inhibited by rHis-NOG and rHis-SOST in a dose-dependent manner in both peptide binding assays (result of a representative experiment is shown in FIG. 12). No inhibition was observed using rHis-bcl₂ as a specificity control in both assays.

Autoantibodies to NOG/SOST Peptide Differentiate Patients with Inflammatory from Non-Inflammatory Back Pain

We asked whether NOG/SOST peptide binding IgG levels can be used as a biomarker to improve diagnostic discrimination of whether a patient with chronic back pain has inflammatory back pain. We compared the IgG levels of AS versus individuals with mechanical back pain for binding to the 5 different peptides we previously used (NOG peptide N54 and its c-peptide CN54; NOG peptide N77 and its c-peptide CN77; SOST peptide S146). Compared to individuals with mechanical back pain, AS patients have significantly higher levels of IgGs which bind to all 5 peptides: NOG c-peptide CN54 (p=0.003; FIG. 13 a), NOG peptide N54 (p<0.001; FIG. 4 a), NOG c-peptide CN76 (p=0.003; FIG. 13 b), NOG peptide N77 (p<0.001; FIG. 4 b) and SOST peptide S146 (p<0.001; FIG. 14).

This study originated from our unexpected observation that treatment of ank/ank mice with NOG led to acceleration of ankylosis progression (data not provided) and concurrent generation of NOG and SOST IgG ICs. This led to our finding that in human sera, autoabs to NOG and SOST are present in healthy individuals but exist at significantly higher levels in sera from AS patients. This represents the first identification of natural autoabs to BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonists in humans.

The following comments are made without being bound by any theory.

It is possible that these natural autoabs serve as a feedback mechanism to neutralize the antagonist function of NOG and SOST, and to maintain homeostasis in bone formation during bone remodeling in adult life. As free NOG and SOST are in excess in human sera, it is possible that NOG and SOST IgGs/ICs function locally in joint tissues. Serum SOST levels have been observed to be lower in AS patients¹⁷. One study reported that SOST expression is absent in osteocytes from AS patients¹⁷. In view of our novel finding of NOG and SOST IgG ICs, this result needs to be re-interpreted. Autoabs would mask SOST in AS osteocytes, rendering it undetectable. To date, NOG expression in AS patients has not been studied. In relation to immune cells, NOG protein expression was detected in peripheral blood CD3+ T cells and lower levels were found in monocytes¹⁸. TNF-α upregulates NOG expression in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro¹⁸.

Autoabs to SOST could arise from different mechanistic pathways such as molecular mimicry or idiotypic(id)/anti-idiotypic network. The fact that autoabs directed to sites where NOG and SOST interact would argue for the later scenario. This possibility is also supported by the fact that when ank/ank mice were treated with NOG, concurrent increased levels of both NOG and SOST IgG ICs were observed (FIG. 15).

Aside from the NOG/SOST epitopes we identified, we expect that there are other yet-to-be identified epitopes. We cannot rule out the possibility that NOG N54 and N77 are in fact 2 components of the same conformational dependent epitope (FIG. 8). There is precedent from other autoab-autoAg systems that immunodominant epitopes are present. Epitope spreading may be observed in situations where the sera were taken from AS patients with long disease duration. Sera from AS patients with early disease prior to treatments would be the most informative for identification of initiating epitopes.

Our identification of enterobacterial antigen-associated NOG and SOST epitopes suggests that these are candidate epitopes that could initiate autoimmunity in AS patients. In vitro and in vivo functionality tests are ongoing.

There is an ongoing debate regarding whether inflammation and ankylosis in AS are linked events or independent processes^(10, 11). For clinicians, this critical issue affects the management strategy for SpA. For example, early intervention with anti-TNF therapy would delay ankylosis development only if inflammation and ankylosis are linked processes. Our results suggest that ankylosis may be triggered by autoimmune responses initiated by enterobacteria antigens, and thus NOG- and SOST-IgG ICs might provide the missing link for the two related processes of inflammation and ankylosis. It is possible that levels of NOG- and SOST-IgG ICs could serve as good biomarkers for monitoring treatment effects as well.

Low back pain, with the life time prevalence of about 70%¹⁹ in the population, is the second most common reason for primary care physician (PCP) consultation after the common cold. 2-4% of these cases will progress to chronic back pain. Over the past decade, the number of individuals in North America experiencing chronic back pain is increasing. It is the number one reason for sick leaves and for work-related disability claims. The current chronic back pain diagnosis recommendation for PCP involves a complicated algorithm which is difficult to comprehend. In many cases, patients with chronic back pain are misdiagnosed even with currently available diagnostic modalities. Mechanical and inflammatory back pain requires different medical treatments, but it remains a recurring challenge to distinguish the two conditions. We have demonstrated that ELISAs for antigen-free IgG binding to 3 peptides (NOG peptide N54, NOG peptide N76 and SOST peptide S146) effectively distinguish individuals with inflammatory versus mechanical back pain. These simple tests could be used as the first-line diagnostics to streamline accurate/efficient diagnosis and to minimize costly diagnostic procedures. Recognizing that there remains an unacceptably long time (5-10 years) for AS diagnosis, the availability of a serological test that would allow earlier diagnosis and treatment would be extremely appealing in terms of health care improvement and cost reduction.

Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims. All documents disclosed herein are incorporated by reference.

REFERENCE LIST

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for diagnosing a subject with Ankylosing Spondylitis comprising: a. providing a sample from the subject suspected having Ankylosing Spondylitis; b. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of Noggin (NOG) and Sclerostin (SOST) in the sample; c. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is indicative of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the subject.
 2. A method for prognosticating Ankylosing Spondylitis in a subject comprising: a. providing a sample from the subject; b. detecting a level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample; c. comparing the level of autoantibodies detected in b. to a level of autoantibodies in a control sample; wherein a relatively higher level of autoantibodies in the subject sample compared to the control sample is at least one of (i) indicative of the likelihood of the subject to have progression in ankylosis and (ii) a predictor of severity of disease.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of autoantibodies in the sample compared to the control sample is 2-10.times. higher.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein samples are one of serum, plasma and synovial fluid samples.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the autoantibodies are pre-complexed with antigen.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the autoantibody is in a NOG-IgG immune complex.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the autoantibody is in a SOST-IgG immune complex.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the autoantibody is in a NOG/SOST-IgG immune complex.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST in the sample is detected using at least one peptide capable of selectively binding to autoantibodies to at least one of NOG and SOST.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the peptide comprises conserved residues, the conserved residues being one of: a. residues 5-18 of N54 (SEQ ID NO. 1); b. residues 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 of CN54 (SEQ ID NO. 2); c. residues 6-13 of N77 (SEQ ID NO. 3); d. residues 7-14 CN76 (SEQ ID NO. 4); and e. residues 3-7 and 9-12 of S146 (SEQ ID NO. 5).
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the conserved residues are one of: a. residues 5-18 of N54 (SEQ ID NO. 1); b. residues 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 16 of CN54 (SEQ ID NO. 2); c. residues 6-13 of N77 (SEQ ID NO. 3); d. residues 7-14 CN76 (SEQ ID NO. 4); and e. residues 3-7 and 9-12 of 5146 (SEQ ID NO. 5).
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the peptide is 6-30 amino acids in length.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the peptide is at least one of N54, CN54, N77, CN76 and S146.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the peptide of b. comprises residues 3-16 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the peptide of e. comprises residues 3-12 of SEQ ID NO:5. 